现代英语语法串讲

本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。

第一、方法篇

自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。

由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。

但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。

我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。

比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause（同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。

它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving， existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：

To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all.       It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man.

He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name.

    你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we remove a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。

有些情况下外位还是必须做的（obligatory），比如在下面的情况下：

    It seems that the best we can do is leave her alone. (SV)

We took it for granted that Mr. Green would be appointed Keeper of the Crown Jewels. (SVOA)

   但在这个句子中外位又是不能实现的（impossible）：

   That a neutral person is appointed for the chair is an agreement that they arrived at after months of negotiation.

   还有什么是cleaving，什么是cleft sentence和pseudo－cleft sentence？

   We shall call him traitor.

   Traitor we shall call him. (fronting)

   It is traitor that we shall call him. (cleft sentence)

   What we shall call him is traitor. (pseudo-cleft sentence)

有的同学很聪明，把教材后面的考试大纲（P432－480）读懂了，领会了，那些全是汉语的东西，没有语言隔离带。《大纲》把每一章的课程内容、考核知识点和考核要求都准确无误地规定好了，再把每一章后面的练习做一遍，概念背记一下，然后把书后面的P482题型举例搞明白，再结合自己已有的基础知识，也能顺利通过，当然，我们所所的聪明的同学也是指那些能把语法课和综合英语、水平英语考试结合起来的同学。

大家都不要忽略了题型举例，第二大题填空题，要求填写名词或动词的适当形式，with question tag，with coordinators or subordinators, with adjuncts in brackets in the right order, 如：I saw her talking (in the library, yesterday, with a young man) 当过程process， 地点place和时间等修饰性状语同时出现在句尾时，它们的顺序是process--- place—time, 因此，这句话可以说成是：

Fill in the blank with conjuncts

When used with care, transition words can enhance writing. ______, too many of them will soon weary your readers.

It rained heavily last night, ______ all the flowers are gone.

The room is too cold without heating and too small for a family of four. ______, it is better than I expected.

However, nevertheless

So, consequently, therefore

Still= despite that/ in spite of that. You are very late. Still, I’m glad you're here now.

第四大题改写句子就是因为很多同学没有理解题意，没有按照要求来做：比如， Writing counter-factual conditionals based on the given facts:

1)      We lost the game because he didn’t join us.

2)      It will rain tomorrow, so we will have to cancel the sports meet.

3)      He had an accident last year, so he is confined to his wheel chair.

If he had joined us, we wouldn’t have lost the game.

If it didn’t rain tomorrow, we wouldn’t have to cancel the sports meet.

If it were fine tomorrow,…

? If it should be fine tomorrow, we would have our sports meet.

If he hadn’t had an accident last year, he wouldn’t be confined to his wheel chair.

非真实条件分句的知识在教材的第五章时和体以及第十三章状语中都有涉及。但是我们已有的虚拟语气知识也可以派上用场。

再比如，Rewrite the following sentences using disjunct:

1)      I’m honest when I say that it is a waste of time trying to talk him into helping us.

2)      It is natural that he will take after his father.

3)      It is more important that the government should always be responsive to the public opinions.

Disjuncts, in meaning, express the speaker’s attitude to what he is saying, his evaluation of it, or shades of certainty or doubt about it. 评注性状语就是指说话人对他所说的话的态度或对话语内容进行的评价。

特别令人鼓舞的现象是，有些在学《语法》这门课之前水平一、水平二都没有通过的同学发现我们这门课的考题有些甚至与水平英语和综合英语的考题有殊途同归、异曲同工之妙。二者有很多相似性。有些题甚至比水平和综合还要容易。比如：

I don’t think she meant _____ you. (hurt).  (04).

又比如：The information was later admitted ______ from unreliable sources. (retrieve) （04）

关于这个题目，考查同学们非限定动词不定式的用法，答案应该是完成时被动态的不定式做主补。书中在第十五章中的分隔一节中讨论了这个知识点，相对比较偏僻一些。书上说： P363

Although discontinuity mainly occurs with the noun phrase which contains postmodification, there are a few minor types of discontinuity which are by no means uncommon. One of them is closely related to extraposition and passive voice: He is believed to have made up his mind to buy the house. The president is reported to have been missing for three days.

通过这么一种混和思考，同学们认识到原来语法是个核心，学好了语法，然后融会贯通到其他科目的学习中，相互促进，相互提高，语法通了，理解力上去了，阅读理解能力和速度也窜上去了。结果水平一和水平二考试变得很轻松了。

顺利通过《英语语法》课程四步法则：读书（理论和概念）――章后练习（实践）――题型举例（实践）――历年真题（实践）。 

第二、命题特点分析

过去五年的语法试卷题型都一样，有七种题型:

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