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名 词 在中考单项选择试题中,除了时态,名词的考查频率也较高。一般考查以下几点: 一、 可数名词与不可数名词 在可数名词与不可数名词上一般出现这样几类,(1)分辨是哪一类名词,并根据结论做选择。(2)可数名词复数的不规则变化。(3)不可数名词的量化表达。所以,考生首先要能够明确哪些是可数名词,哪些是不可数名词。其次,还要知道可数名词的复数的变化规则。可数名词的变化规则一般是在单词后面加-s 或-es,如: 1desk---desks bed---beds piano---pianos hat---hats bag---bags photo---photos 2bus---buses box---boxes watch---watches brush---brushes 3tomato---tomatoes potato---potatoes hero---heroes Negro---Negroes 4 leaf---leaves knife---knives 5baby---babies family---families 另外,还要记住一些特殊的名词的变化形式,如: Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen Russian---Russians American---Americans German --- Germans child---children foot---feet man---men woman---women tooth---teeth goose --- geese deer---deer sheep---sheep 还要掌握不可数名词的量化表达有: a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外,大家应注意:单数集合名词作主语时谓语动词“数的”变化:单数集合名词如class, police, family, school, group, team等。尽管形式上是单数,意义上都是复数,因此,一般要与复数谓语动词连用,例如: Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外国朋友。(这里的五班指五班的同学的。) His family are good to me. 他的家人对我很好。(很显然,这里的family指家庭成员。)当上述集合名词着重指“整体”时, 意义上则是单数,因此,要与单数谓语动词连用。例如, Our school team often plays well in our city. 我们的校队经常在我们市踢得很好。(这里的team 指整个队,但意义上仍为单数,故谓语动词用plays. 二、 名词所有格 名词所有格有两种形式:一是加’s,一种是用of来表示。一般情况下,指某人的某物用’s表示,而指某物的什么用of 短语来表示。另外,要注意凡是以s结尾的名词或规则名词的复数,不能直接加’s,而应该加-’即可。例如,boys’ clothes girls’ dresses。 不过,注意例外情况,例如, the boss’s handwriting,其中the boss’s 的-’s不可省略。因为在英语中,如果以-s 或-ss 结尾的名词不是复数复数形式,那么其名词所有格仍加-‘s。那么你会说“琼斯的小汽车”吗?对,Jones’s car。 下面我们来做一部分习题。 1. June 1st is ___ Day. A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Childrens’ D. Children’s 答案:D 2. I need ___ paper, Mum. I want to write ___ letter to my English teacher. A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any 答案:B 3. There are two ___ and three ___ on the table. A. knifes, forks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks 答案:D 4. We have got a lot of___ today. A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do D. book to read 答案:B 5. We could see __ children and hear ___ noise in the park. A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many 答案:C 6. Will you pass me ___? A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks 答案:A 7. ___ has been invited to the dancing party. A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her 答案:B 下面请大家自己练习一下。 1. September 10th is ___ Day. A. the Teacher B. Teachers’ C. Teacher D. Teacher’s 答案:B 2. ---Can I help you, sir? ---I’d like to have 100___. I want the students to draw pictures on them. A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper 答案:B 3. ---Would you like ___ milk, please? ---No, thank you. I still have some. A. some more B. an C. a little of D. all 答案:A 4. ___ the old woman is in! A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health 答案:A ① What + a(n) + 形容词 + 单数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! ② What + 形容词 + 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! ③ What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语! ④ How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语! ⑤ How + 形容词 + a(n) + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语! ⑥ How + 主语 + 谓语! 5. I’m going to help ___ with ___ English. A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancy’s, her C. a friend of Nancy’s, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her 答案:B 6. The two desks here are ___. You may use the desk over there. A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and Jane’s D. Mary’s and Jane’s 答案:D 形容词和副词 在中考单项选择中形容词也占一定比例,一般考查有关形容词或副词的一些搭配,但绝大部分考查形容词与副词的比较级和最高级。 一、 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 ①一般的比较级和最高级在形容词或副词后加-er或-est,如:small --- smaller --- smallest ② 以不发音-e结尾的形容词或副词直接加 –r或 –st,如 large --- largest --- largest ③ 重读闭音节词尾是一个辅音字母的,需双写该辅音字母,再加-er或-est。 ④ 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词和副词,把“y”变“i”,再加 –er或-est. busy---busier---busiest happy---happier---happiest 但一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most,如: slowly --- more slowly --- most slowly difficult---more difficult---most difficult beautiful---more beautiful---most beautiful 但还有一些不规则的变化: good / well---better---best many---more---most bad / ill / badly ---worse---worst little---less---least far --- farther / further --- farther / furthest 二、 形容词和副词的等比句型 ①as…as… 和……一样 I’m as tall as you. ② not as(so)…as 不和…… 一样(在否定句中常用so 来代替as)如, I can’t run so fast as you. 另外as…as possible 为固定结构,如,as soon as possible, as quickly as possible 等。 在以上两个句型中形容词或副词一定要用原级。 三、形容词和副词的其它句型还有: ① 形容词/ 副词 比较级 + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人称代词 用主语和宾语均可。 He is older than I / me. 但是如果人称代词后有动词时,则只能用主格形式。如, Tom found more red leaves than I did. ② “the + 比较级, the + 比较级” 结构表示两个变化一起发生。如, The more you learn, the more you’ll know. ③ “more and more”结构(指两个形容词比较级用and 连接)表示持续不断的变化。 如: I’m getting thinner and thinner. 四、修饰形容词和副词的比较级的副词要用much, a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比较级连用。如: The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我买的衬衣比较便宜。 To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打篮球对于男孩子来说要有趣得多。 五、形容词的一些搭配,如: be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高兴做某事 be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遗憾做某事 be sure to do 一定/相信会做某事 be ready to do 准备好做某事,乐于做某事 get ready to do 为……做好准备 等等。 下面我们来看一些例题。 1. The Yellow River is one of ___ in China. A. the longest rivers B. the longer river C. the longest river D. the long river 答案:A 2. Does he speak Chinese ___ his brother? A. as better as B. as good as C. as well as D. best than 答案:C 3. Which shirt do you like ___, the white one or the blue one? A. better B. good C. best D. much 答案:A 4. I don’t feel ___ to go to work today. I’m ill. A. good enough B. well enough C. enough well D. enough good 答案:B 5. Mary would like to spend ___ days on her research. A. a little more B. a little C. a few more D. much more 答案:C 下面请大家自己做以下练习。 1. Be quiet, class! I have ___ to tell you. A. important anything B. important something C. anything important D. something important 答案:D 2. This picture book is not ___ that one. A. so interesting as B. so interesting than C. as interesting than D. interesting as 答案:A 3. This article is ___ than that one. A. much easier B. more easier c. much more easier D. more easy 答案:A 4. The Changjiang River is ___ river in China. A. long B. longest C. the longest D. longer 答案:C 5. You must keep your room ___ and tidy. A. to clean B. cleaning C. clean D. cleaned 答案:C 上面我们已经讲了动词、名词、形容词和副词的用法。
中考中当然也会涉及到其他诸如代词、数词、介词、和连词等的用法。 下面我就简单提醒大家每类词需注意的地方。
1. 代词 同学们需掌握以下不定代词: all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every构成的合成词如 nobody等,并注意不定代词的定语后置,如something English 2. 数词 同学们需要记住一些特殊拼写的序数词。 如:第1--- first 第2--- second 第3--- third 第5--- fifth 第9--- ninth 第12--- twelfth 第20--- twentieth 另外需要记住以下短语: hundreds of 数以百计 thousands of 数以千计 tens of thousands of 数以万计 several millions of好几百万 但表示确切的百或千时不能用复数形式,如: ten thousand three million 3. 介词的考察内容主要是介词短语,特别是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介词短语。这类短语比较多,这里我不再一一赘述,大家可以看《初中英语复习指导》第204页至208页上的词组。但我要特别提几个以前旧教材所没有的短语,请大家注意。 如, speak highly of高度赞扬 regard… as …视为,把……看做…… make a contribution to doing sth 为……做贡献 4. 连词 同学们需要特别记忆以下连词或连词短语: neither…nor… either…or… not only…but also… both…and… 前三个短语引导主语时,谓语动词需遵循就近原则。 如, Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正确。 Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那儿。 那么both…and…连接主语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。 如, Both Lucy and Lily are going there. 句子的种类 1.应特别注意掌握的简单句 有介词的特殊疑问句 在特殊问句中,作为介词宾语的疑问代词可以与介词分离,放在句首,而把介词放在句尾。如, Whom do you travel with? 当然,也可以把介词放在句首。总之,不要把介词丢掉。 有插入语的特殊疑问句 在特殊问句中,经常可以看到这样的句子: Where do you think they may go? 其中,do you think 是疑问式插入语,其余部分是think的宾语从句。注意,疑问式插入语同句子的其余部分不用逗号分开。疑问式插入语还有do you hope, do you guess 等。 在肯定句中也有插入语。如: That man, I guess, is neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入语要用逗号与句子的其他部分分开。去掉插入语,该句子仍然是个完整的句子。 You’d better (not)… (do sth.) 这个说法常用于提出“劝告,建议,告戒”。 比较委婉的有礼貌的说法是 Would you like …? 或 What about (doing)…?。 如, It’s too dark. You’d better leave at once. I’m afraid (that) … I’m afraid (that) I can’t go with you today. 常用来委婉地表示自己的看法或预料一件令人不悦的事情。 2.并列句 并列句的考查重点是并列连词。并列连词有and, or, but, both… and, neither… nor, either… or, not only… but also…等。 3.复合句 复合句考查的主要内容是宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。 ① 宾语从句 宾语从句的考查要点是:时态的呼应、人称的一致、词序等。 A.宾语从句的连接词: 宾语从句本身是叙述句是,用that 引导。 He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek. 宾语从句本身是特殊疑问句时,用疑问词引导。 Do you know where we can find our teacher? 宾语从句本身是一般疑问句时,用if 或whether引导。 I don’t know if / whether he has done that. B. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应。 主句谓语是现在时和将来时的时候,宾语从句的动词时态不受影响。如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month. 主句是过去时态,从句谓语要做适当调整: a) 由现在时调整为过去时。 I didn’t know you were also here. b) 由将来时调整为过去将来时 He said that he would go to Beijing the next week. c) 过去时态多数不受影响,但“一般过去时”常调整为“过去完成时”,尤其是从句中有before, since 一类的时间状语时,多调整为“过去完成时”如: She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city. ② 状语从句。 状语从句有时间状语从句(常由when, while, before, after, until, as soon as等词引导)、地点状语从句(常有where 引导)、原因状语从句(常有because, since, as 引导,这三词所表达的语气由because到as逐渐减弱,由why提出的问题必须用because 来回答), 条件状语从句(常由if引导)、结果状语从句(常由such … that…, so…that…, so that等引导 )、让步状语从句(常由though, although引导)。 ③另外,今年新加了一个定语从句,其考查内容主要是正确使用关系代词{who(指人)、that(指人或物)、which(指物)} , etc. 定语从句一般紧跟在修饰词的后面,如: She is the person who I want to see. 她就是我想见到的人。 有时,为了使句子平衡,也可把定语从句与所修饰词分开。同学们还记得这样一句话吗?Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 这是第三册第54课中的一个句子。 下面我们来看一些例子: 1. The traveller was ___ tired that she couldn’t walk on. A. so B. very C. too D. quite 答案:A 2. Do you know ___ ten years ago? A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where did he live D. where he lived 答案:D 3. He didn’t go home ___ he finished the work. A. since B. if C. because D. until 答案:D 4. I was reading the newspaper ___ I heard a loud shout outside. A. while B. when C. though D. as 答案:B 5. I don’t know the man ___ is cleaning the door. A. that B. where C. what D. who 答案:D 好,接下来大家自己做以下练习。 1. I didn’t remember ___ the woman before. A. where I had seen B. where I have seen C. where had I seen D. where have I seen 答案:A 2. It was raining heavily ___ we got to Paris. A. while B. if C. when D. because 答案:C 3. The plane hasn’t arrived. Can you tell me ___? A. what time is the plane late B. why is the plane late C. why the plane is late D. what time the plane is late 答案:C 4. I don’t know if ___tomorrow? A. it doesn’t rain B. the rain will stops C. the rains won’t stop D. it won’t rain 答案:D |